Britain’s railways are emerging as a prime target for cyber criminals, with the convergence of ageing infrastructure and digital systems creating security vulnerabilities across the network.
New government legislation threatens tougher penalties for operators failing to protect essential services, as recent incidents demonstrate the sector’s exposure to sophisticated attacks capable of paralysing transport links and endangering passenger safety.
The UK’s Cyber and Resilience Bill is expected to tighten oversight of train operators, infrastructure managers, and suppliers. Building on existing NIS Regulations, the legislation introduces enhanced enforcement mechanisms, mandatory coordination with the National Cyber Security Centre, and stricter supply chain security requirements.
Here, Petards Rail, a leader in intelligent train technology with over 35 years of industry expertise, offer their insights.
Safety-critical systems under threat
Railway operational technology presents its own set of challenges for cybersecurity professionals. Unlike conventional IT networks, rail systems prioritise continuous availability and passenger safety above all else, meaning even brief disruptions can have a severe impact.
While a cyber-attack on office systems may result in lost data, an attack on railway operational technology could threaten human safety and paralyse critical infrastructure,” said David Muse, Chief Technical Architect at Petards Rail.
The problem is compounded by outdated equipment. Whilst corporate IT systems receive regular security updates, safety-critical railway technology often operates for years without patches due to lengthy certification processes. This creates exploitable gaps that sophisticated attackers can leverage.
Industry responds to growing threat
The Rail Safety and Standards Board has introduced comprehensive guidance on cyber assurance for software-based railway control systems, whilst international standard IEC 63542 provides a framework for securing rolling stock, signalling, and infrastructure.
The Office of Rail and Road has conducted risk assessments identifying the most vulnerable systems that pose the highest safety risks if compromised. These include digital interlockings, train control platforms, and remote diagnostics.
Industry collaboration is accelerating through the Rail Cyber Security Working Group and government-backed intelligence-sharing platforms, enabling operators to exchange threat data and defensive strategies.
However, experts warn that fragmented approaches remain problematic.
Achieving robust cybersecurity requires collaboration across the entire fleet lifecycle,” Muse explained. Manufacturers, operators, and rolling stock companies must work together, sharing threat models and conducting integrated security testing to identify system-level vulnerabilities before attackers do.
Network connectivity expands attack surface
The expansion of connected technologies, including predictive maintenance systems, remote diagnostics, and real-time passenger information, continues to broaden potential attack vectors across the network.
Protecting increasingly interconnected systems demands both technical controls and organisational resilience. Muse commented, “Operators need the capability to recover from incidents rapidly whilst maintaining safe service delivery under pressure.
With rail digitalisation accelerating and threats becoming more sophisticated, the sector faces mounting pressure to give more urgent attention to cyber vulnerabilities before a major incident forces change.
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